When buying business real estate, for your own occupancy or
for rental to others, you should take steps that maximize the income tax
depreciation deductions that you can claim for the property. Here are a few
suggestions.
Separating improvements from land. Not all of the cost of
acquiring real estate is depreciable. Specifically, the cost of improvements to
land is depreciable, but the cost of the land itself is not. Clearly, then, it
is desirable to identify and document, at the time that you acquire real
estate, the part of your overall acquisition cost allocable to improvements.
Thus, when you buy a property, you should either retain a qualified real estate
appraiser to make an allocation between land and improvements based on a
detailed written analysis, or, if you have enough valuation expertise and
knowledge of the locality, write your own detailed analysis and allocation. Also,
regarding the allocation, you should be aware that the cost of improvements
includes not only the cost of buildings, but also the cost of items such as
landscaping and roads, and even some costs of grading and clearing.
Turning land into a deductible asset. Even though land
isn't depreciable, there are ways to obtain deductions, for your land cost,
that provide a similar tax benefit. One technique is to enter into a long-term
lease of the land rather than buy it. If you lease the land, the rents you pay
under that “ground lease” are deductible.
A different technique, but one which also can turn land into a
deductible asset, is the acquisition of an interest in land known as an
“estate-for-years.” Under an estate-for-years, you would own the land, but not
forever, while an individual or entity “unrelated” to you would own the
interest in land that begins when your estate-for-years ends. As the owner of
the estate-for-years, you would be allowed to “amortize” (deduct ratably) the
cost of the estate-for-years over its duration. Thus, for example, if your
estate-for-years is for 50 years, you would be allowed to deduct each year
1/50th of the cost of the estate-for-years.
Separating personal property from buildings. Most business
buildings must be depreciated over a period of 39 years, with somewhat more
favorable treatment for residential rental real estate (27.5 years) and for
certain other types of buildings or building improvements. On the other hand,
most personal property (furniture, equipment, etc.) is depreciable over
considerably shorter periods. Furthermore, most new personal property is
eligible for additional first-year depreciation (bonus depreciation) equal to
50% or 100% of its cost (depending on when the property was acquired and placed
in service). In contrast, among buildings or building improvements, only
certain leasehold improvements qualify for bonus depreciation. As you can see,
if a specific item is classified as personal property rather than as a part of
a building, the depreciation deductions for that item will be available sooner
and, in economic terms, have a greater “present value” to the property owner.
Thus, in the same way that it is desirable to properly allocate between
improvements and land, it is important to take steps to identify and document,
at the time that you acquire real estate, the items that are personal property
and the items that are building parts. For some items, the distinction follows
“common sense”, an ordinary chair is personal property, a weight-bearing brick
wall is part of a building. However, for many items, for example, lighting
fixtures, signs, floor coverings, wall coverings, plumbing, electrical systems and
heating and cooling systems, the distinctions are governed by tax rules that
can be complex, can involve projections as to the future use of the items, and
may even necessitate consultation with engineers or other construction experts.
Also, after the personal property and building items are separately identified,
they must be separately valued, either by an appraisal, a breakdown of
construction costs or both.
